July 30, 2014. Where Do Sahel Terrorists Get Their Heavy Weapons? John Campbell and J. Peter Pham Institute for Security Studies CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” January 14, 2014, Stabilizing Mali, Tackling Terrorism in Sahel Region Hinges on Long-Term Plan, Sustained Support, Senior Peacekeeping Official Tells Security Council, UN mission in Mali condemns ceasefire breaches by peace accord signatories, UN chief welcomes deployment of regional force to combat terrorism in the Sahel, The World Factbook August 15, 2018, Wesley Morgan Agri-Photovoltaik, kurz Agri-PV - Eine neue Form von PV-Anlagen, in der neben der Stromerzeugung auch die landwirtschaftliche Fläche zum Nutzpflanzenanbau erhalten bleibt. February 7, 2020, Hunger in Central Sahel Rising at Alarming Rate as Conflict Intensifies, Lisa Schlein During its March session, the UN Human Rights Council decided to continue the mandate of the decided to continue the mandate of the independent expert for another year. Vox Mehr lesen Peter Dörrie Several attacks and reprisals perpetrated by loosely formed militias along ethnic lines indicate that violence at the community level may also be rising. Nachrichten zum blutigen Anschlag auf einen Militärstützpunkt im nordischen Mali und zur UN-Friedensmission zur Stabilisierung des westafrikanischen Staates. Estimated number of internally displaced persons. … May 9, 2016, Christopher S. Chivvis Despite the presence of various counterterrorism forces and internationally supported military operations, violent attacks and reprisals have increased and major terrorist networks and other militant groups appear to be gaining power in Mali. Juli 2020, 1:53 Uhr Quelle: ZEIT ONLINE ... Dieser Konflikt hat sich verschärft, seit eine dschihadistische Gruppierung des Predigers Amadu Kufa an Einfluss gewinnt. January 23, 2019, The Salafi-Jihadi Base in the Sahel: December 2018, Emily Estelle CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” August 19, 2020, African Militant Islamist Groups Set Record for Violent Activity, Africa Center for Strategic Studies February 12, 2020, Counterinsurgency in the Sahel is at Risk of Unraveling, J.H. CFR In Brief Reuters September 25, 2020, With Keita Gone After Another Coup, Mali Enters a New Phase of Uncertainty, Peter Tinti Through Operation Barkhane, France continues to lead the fight in Mali and three thousand troops have been deployed since July 2014 to protect civilians and aid the efforts of local militaries. February 27, 2020. September 22, 2014, Press Statement of the 457th Peace and Security Council meeting on the developments in the situation in Mali and the Sahel, African Union October 20, 2017, John Campbell 13 August 2020 S/2020/785: This was the final report on the Mali Panel of Experts. Ibrahim Maiga and William Assanvo August 8, 2019, Ansaroul Islam: The Rise and Decline of a Militant Islamist Group in the Sahel, Pauline Le Roux ... Nun griff Frankreich militärisch in den Konflikt ein, weitere Länder wollen folgen. Über uns: Als Entwicklungswerk der katholischen Kirche in Deutschland unterstützen wir mit lokalen Partnern Menschen dort, wo die Not am größten ist. Das französische Eingreifen in Mali ist ein Feuerwehreinsatz, der die plötzliche Offensive der islamistischen Rebellen nach monatelanger gespenstischer Stille an der Frontlinie verhindert hat. IRIN News Etter det har politikken vært preget av konflikt mellom staten, opprørsgrupper og islamistiske grupperinger. Im Jahr 2020 wendete die Schweiz 3,343 Milliarden Franken für die öffentliche Entwicklungshilfe (APD) auf. ###bild-1-31###Herr Asche, die Bundesregierung will den Einsatz der Bundeswehr in Mali verlängern; der Bundestag wird demnächst darüber entscheiden. August 12, 2020, French-Led Decapitation Strike on AQIM in Mali, John Campbell Aber: Was macht die Bundeswehr eigentlich dort? CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Wall Street Journal July 2, 2018, How Islamist Militant Groups are Gaining Strength in Africa, Sam Ellis June 5, 2018, The Islamic State ‘Presence’ in the Sahel Is More Complicated Than Affiliates Suggest, John Campbell Mali ist eine ehemalige französische Kolonie und erhielt seine Unabhängigkeit im Jahr 1960. In einem Papier, dass Sie gemeinsam mit anderen Afrikanisten und Kennern der Region erstellt haben, kritisieren Sie die Einsätze. July 29, 2019, Frontlines in Flux in Battle against African Militant Islamist Groups, Africa Center for Strategic Studies Foreign troops have deployed to Mali since 2013 to try to January 18, 2017, Protecting Mali's Peace: The Role of Civil Society, Delphine Mechoulan, Lesley Connolly, and Minna Hojland Wir sind dankbar für die Unterstützung, die wir in all den Jahren erhalten haben und freuen uns über die zalhreichen neuen Weggefährten, die wir im letzten Jahr gewinnen konnten. January 24, 2020, Why U.S. Troop Cuts in Africa Would Cause Alarm, Cara Anna 2020 wurde die UNO-Flüchtlingshilfe 40 Jahre alt. Nach einem Militärputsch in Mali hat Präsident Ibrahim Boubacar Keita seinen sofortigen Rücktritt und die Auflösung des Parlaments verkündet. Armed Islamists continued to threaten, and sometimes kill local leaders deemed government collaborators and beat those engaged in cultural practices they had forbidden. Dieses Engagement ließ auch in der internationalen Gemeinschaft zum Jahresende 2019 die Hoffnung aufkeimen, dass 2020 das Ende des Krieges im Jemen sehen könnte. February 2, 2018. Reuters Der Konflikt in Mali ist eine Kombination aus dem Aufbegehren der Tuareg im Norden, einer sozio-ökonomischen Krise und der dschihadistischen Expansion in der gesamten Sahel-Zone. May 2015, John Campbell 2016, International Crisis Group Mali ble regnet som et ganske stabilt demokrati fra 1992 og frem til separatister med støtte av islamister gjennomførte et statskupp i 2012. International Crisis Group During 2019, at least 400 civilians were killed in incidents of communal violence in central and northern Mali. World Politics Review Jahrhundert), das von den Malinké gegründet wurde und als das bedeutendste frühmittelalterliche Großreich Westafrikas angesehen wird. October 5, 2018, Jihadists Open a New Front in Burkina Faso as the Army Plays Into Their Hands, Robbie Corey-Boulet Center for Strategic and International Studies February 19, 2018, The Destabilizing Dangers of U.S. Counterterrorism in the Sahel, Nathaniel Powell April 29, 2018, A Shadowy War’s Newest Front: A Drone Base Rising From Saharan Dust, Eric Schmitt CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Mali - Nachrichten und Information: An 365 Tagen im Jahr, rund um die Uhr aktualisiert, die wichtigsten News auf tagesschau.de May 21, 2020, How Counterinsurgency Campaigns Are Fueling Human Rights Abuses in the Sahel, Peter TInti Claire Felter and Jason Warner Jamestown Foundation After the Ogossagou massacre, the government pledged but failed to disarm and dissolve the implicated militia. January 29, 2019, Timbuktu: A Laboratory for Jihadists Experimenting With Politics, Alex Thurston Eurasia, Middle This crisis is both a humanitarian and security concern as militant groups in the Sahel region often tax trafficking and smuggling routes to fund their campaigns. welthunger-index 2020: mali ANMERKUNG: Die Daten zur Wachstumsverzögerung und Auszehrung bei Kindern stammen aus den Perioden 1998 bis 2002 (2000), 2004 bis 2008 (2006), 2010 bis 2014 (2012) und 2015 bis 2019 (2020). The MNLA was backed by a collection of Islamist militant groups—Ansar Dine, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), and the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa—and together the groups moved to take over territory in the north. Over 85,000 civilians fled their homes as a result of violence in 2019. May 28, 2019, Mapping Armed Groups in Mali and the Sahel, European Council on Foreign Relations 16 January - 17 January: Battle of Menaka between the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) and the army of Mali.On the 17th, fighting spread to towns of Aguelhok and Tessalit. October 13, 2020, Post-Coup Prospects for Democracy in Mali, Michelle Gavin Rund 700 Jahre lang lebten die Dogon in der Mopti-Region im Zentrum von Mali. June 28, 2020, U.S. Tussles With France, UN Over Counterterrorism Efforts in West Africa, Robbie Gramer and Colum Lynch Mali’s “Civilian” Government Has Rather a Lot of Soldiers, The Legacy of Military Governance in Mali, Africa Center for Strategic Studies Jamestown Foundation March 29, 2019, Where Terrorism Is Rising in Africa and the United States Is Leaving, Eric Schmitt November 17, 2017, G5 Sahel Joint Military Force to Tackle Terrorism, Mariama Diallo In June 2020, the mandate for the UN peacekeeping mission in Mali (MINUSMA) was renewed and approved to maintain more than fifteen thousand personnel in Mali and support implementation of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali (2015), among other priority tasks. The Atlantic Im März 2012 hatte ein Militärputsch im Süden des Landes gegen Präsident Amadou Toumani Touré die Regierung destabilisiert und den Boden für den Konflikt im Norden bereitet. CFR Backgrounder, John Campbell The continued strengthening of militant groups in Mali and their spread to neighboring countries could allow al-Qaeda and the Islamic State to establish a new safe haven and destabilize the region through militancy and terrorism. France also maintains more than five thousand personnel in the country under Operation Barkhane and, in September 2020, it was announced that a new task force comprised of other European military forces would also deploy to Mali under Operation Barkhane. August 15, 2017, A fresh perspective on security concerns among Malian civil society, Aurélien Tobie September 23, 2017, With Terrorism Worsening, Africa’s Sahel Countries Need More Than Another Military Coalition, Joe Penney In July 2020, the France 24 reported that unidentified gunmen opened fire on civilians on multiple villages of Mali and killed at least 31 civilians and 9 soldiers who returned fire, all within a week's time. On September 27, Mali’s former Defense Minister Bah N’Daw was named the new president of the transitional council, while the head of the military junta that took power, Assimi Goita, was named vice president of the council. Does Washington Have a Stake in the Sahel? Hier finden Sie alle News und Hintergrund-Informationen von ZEIT ONLINE zu Mali. Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people in 90 countries worldwide, spotlighting abuses and bringing perpetrators to justice, Human Rights Watch is a 501(C)(3) nonprofit registered in the US under EIN: 13-2875808, Judicial and Human Rights Legal Framework, Human Rights and Truth and Reconciliation Mechanisms, Two Years After #MeToo Erupts, A New Treaty Anchors Workplace Shifts, Holding Companies to Account: Momentum Builds for Corporate Human Rights Duties, As Killer Robots Loom, Demands Grow to Keep Humans in Control of Use of Force, Shutting Down the Internet to Shut Up Critics, With Millions Out of School, the Countdown Begins to Get All Children into Quality, Accessible Education, Going to the Bank for Food, Not Money: The Growing Reality of Hunger in “Rich” Countries. September 4, 2018, The Islamic State in Africa: Estimating Fighter Numbers in Cells Across the Continent, Jason Warner and Charlotte Hulme CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” IPI Global Observatory June 5, 2017, John Campbell August 20, 2020, Claire Felter and Nathalie Bussemaker July 2017, Mali's Next Battle: Improving Counterterrorism Capabilities, Michael Shurkin, Stephanie Pezard, and S. Rebecca Zimmerman In January 2020, a terrorist group linked to al-Qaeda, the Group for Support of Islam and Muslims (JNIM), attacked a military outpost and killed dozens of Malian soldiers. Little progress was made toward providing justice for victims of abuses, and rule-of-law institutions remained weak. May 2019, The Ogossagou Massacre: Mali’s Ethnic and Islamist Divisions, Greg Hackleton ECOWAS issued sanctions against the coup leaders, suspended travel rights, and demanded the release of Keita and other arrested officials. War on the Rocks Eine Uno-Untersuchung hat Vorwürfe bestätigt, dass die französische Militäroperation «Barkhane» in Mali Anfang Januar eine Hochzeitsfeier bombardiert habe. & CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” September 4, 2018, Shadowy U.S. Drone War in Africa Set to Expand, Lara Seligman Aufständische Soldaten haben Malis Staatschef Keita und Regierungschef Cissé in der Hauptstadt Bamako festgesetzt. The 13,000-strong force was also tasked with increasing efforts to protect civilians and support efforts to bring perpetrators to justice. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” June 2017. 2012 January. World Politics Review Hassane Kone It Failed. IRIN 287,000 Malians were internally displaced as of mid-2020, almost double the previous year, and at least 142,000 were refugees in neighboring countries as of early 2020, per U.N. figures. Trotz des Friedensabkommens von 2015 greift die Destabilisierung immer weiter vom Norden auf … Since late 2018, numerous men detained by the security forces during counterterrorism operations were subjected to enforced disappearance, five were allegedly executed or died in custody, and dozens more were subjected to severe mistreatment in detention. In August 2020, military officers in Mali carried out a bloodless coup that led to the resignation and removal of Malian President Ibraham Boubacar Keita and Malian Prime Minister Boubou Cisse. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” March 1, 2017, Mali Violence Mars Cautious Progress on Joint Patrols, Alex Thurston May 12, 2016, Corinne Dufka These actors regularly denounced atrocities through public statements but were inconsistent in their calls for accountability. SIPRI The mandate of the Specialized Judicial Unit against Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime (Specialized Judicial Unit), created by law in 2013, was in July expanded to include international human rights crimes. The International Criminal Court (ICC) continued investigation into alleged war crimes committed in Mali, opened in 2013, and in March, the ICC Registrar visited Mali. Mali. Mit mehr deutschen Soldaten soll der EU-Einsatz in Mali effektiver werden. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” The AU’s Security Council called for the “restoration of constitutional order and the release of the president and other government officials.” Following reports that military officers involved in the coup had previously received training from the U.S. military, the United States also halted all training and support exercises with Mali. Mali Konflikt 2021 Der Putsch in Mali von August 2020 hat vor allem das Leben der Menschen in der Hauptstadt Bamako stark getroffen, während in vielen ländlichen Regionen des Sahelstaates der Alltag weitergeht, trotz der Unsicherheit um die politische Zukunft. A new justice minister improved detention conditions and pledged to prioritize the fight against impunity. April 2018, Burkina Faso’s Alarming Escalation of Jihadist Violence, Rinaldo Depagne Europe Has Spent Years Trying to Prevent ‘Chaos’ in the Sahel. Public hearings were scheduled to begin in December. CTC Sentinel In July, the Council put five men—two businessmen, two armed Islamists, and a parliamentarian—on the sanction list. Over 900 schools remained closed and 270,000 children were denied the right to education because of insecurity and displacement. Attacks by armed Islamists allied to Al-Qaeda, and to a lesser extent the Islamist State affiliate in the Sahel, killed over 150 civilians, as well as scores of government forces and at least 16 United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) peacekeepers, including the January 20 attack on the Aguelhok UN base that killed 11 Chadian peacekeepers. October 24, 2017, Niger Clash Kills U.S. and Nigerien Troops, International Crisis Group After gaining independence from France in 1960, Mali endured decades of instability. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Juni 2020 Mali: Tarkint: UN-Konvoi 2 0 Konflikt in Nordmali (seit 2012) 14. April 22, 2020, Katherine Zimmerman Er selbst war 2012 durch einen Putsch an die Macht gekommen - doch es war ihm unter anderem nicht gelungen, den seit der Zeit andauernden dschihadistischen Aufstand im Norden des Landes und die Gewalt zwischen verschiedenen Ethnien … May 30, 2018, Islamic State Ally Stakes Out Territory Along Lake Chad, Paul Carsten and Ahmed Kingimi The current crisis in Mali began in early 2012 when a Tuareg separatist group, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), in the north rebelled for a fourth time. CFR Interview March 5, 2018, Shifting Relationships, Growing Threats: Who's Who of Insurgent Groups in the Sahel, Fabien Offner Defense One November 22, 2019, Getting a Grip on Central Sahel’s Gold Rush, International Crisis Group CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Malian security officials show a jihadist flag they said belonged to attackers in front of the Radisson hotel in Bamako, Mali on November 20, 2015. Bereits nach dem Einsatz hieß es, unter den Opfern seien vor allem Zivilisten. World Politics Review In several instances, they removed men from public transportation vehicles and killed them, including around the towns of Sévaré and Bandiagara. The alliance between the MNLA and the Islamist groups was short-lived; in June 2012 the MNLA broke with Ansar Dine and AQIM over the Islamists push to impose Sharia law in the north. Dezember wurden … April 9, 2018, Regions at Risk: Preventing Mass Atrocities in Mali, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Voice of America The most lethal attacks in central Mali were perpetrated by Dogon militiamen including the worst single atrocity in Mali’s recent history as at least 150 civilians were massacred on March 23 in Ogossagou village; a January 1 attack on Koulogon village killed 37 civilians, and June attacks in Bologo and Saran villages left over 20 dead. Malian security forces subjected numerous suspects to severe mistreatment and several died in custody or were forcibly disappeared. Voice of America In July, the parliament passed a law of “national understanding,” which civil society groups contended could lead to impunity for some serious human rights violations. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” More than thirteen thousand UN peacekeepers remain deployed in Mali and MINUSMA has been called the UN’s most dangerous mission due to the high number of attacks on peacekeepers. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” The protests, referred to as the June 5 Movement, focused on highlighting corruption and the government’s failure to curb insecurity across Mali. April 16, 2020, Judd Devermont and Marielle Harris December 19, 2018, Drug Trafficking, Violence and Politics in Northern Mali, International Crisis Group The peace process envisioned to end the 2012-2013 crisis in the north made scant progress, including on disarmament and the restoration of state authority. Seine Einschätzung zur Lage und den Vorwürfen der Racheaktionen der Regierungstruppen. Politico Jamestown Foundation August 27, 2020, Mali Coup: “Rearranging the Deck Chairs on the Titanic”, John Campbell CIA, Mali: UN condemns attack on peacekeepers in Kidal, Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Mali, United Nations Security Council June 25, 2014, Adjunct Senior Fellow for African Peace and Security Issues, Ralph Bunche Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies. September 16, 2014, United Nations Security Council IRIN February 26, 2019, In West Africa, Violent Extremism Spreads as United States Trims Military Footprint, Michael M. Phillips and Joe Pakinson Sollten die Mandate nicht verlängert werden? November 22, 2016, Radical Islamist Terrorism in West Africa, John Campbell June 6, 2017, Amanda Sperber Ich bin nicht dafür, dass die Bundeswehr übermorgen aus Die Putschisten warfen Touré Unfähigkeit bei der Bekämpfung des Aufstandes vor. Ein Drittel der Bevölkerung ist dabei in besonders kritischer Weise betroffen. March 1, 2016, Enhancing U.S. Support for Peace Operations in Africa, Paul D. Williams Wall Street Journal March 29, 2019, The Specter of Islamist Extremism Looms Over West Africa, Siobhán O'Grady Das sind 263 Millionen Franken mehr als 2019. In der Folge des entstandenen Machtvakuums machten sich islamistische Terroristen i… In January 2020, a terrorist group linked to al-Qaeda, the Group for Support of Islam and Muslims (JNIM), attacked a military outpost and killed dozens of Malian soldiers. Attacks by armed Islamists allied to Al-Qaeda, and to a lesser extent the Islamist State affiliate in the Sahel, killed over 150 civilians, as well as scores of government forces and at least 16 United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) peacekeepers, including the January 20 attack on the Aguelhok UN base that killed 11 Chadian peacekeepers. Will the Niger Attack Shift U.S. Policy in West Africa? CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” April 22, 2018, Human Rights Watch Wie entstand der Konflikt? Local groups said the government was reluctant to question or charge militia leaders credibly implicated in massacres, favoring short-term reconciliation efforts envisioned to mitigate communal tension. Jahrelanger Beschuss von Wohnvierteln, herabfallende Bomben, Tote und Verletzte – diese Bilder haben sich einer ganzen Generation eingebrannt. Elswood However, it had not yet sought arrest warrants for any individuals at time of writing. ; 24 January: Battle of Aguelhok between the MNLA (and possibly Islamist groups like Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa) and the army of Mali. War on the Rocks Newsweek Rampant banditry continued to undermine livelihoods, and protests against the government over corruption continued. January 25, 2018, Finding the Right Role for the G5 Sahel Joint Force, International Crisis Group October 10, 2019, Strategies for Peace and Security in the Sahel, Africa Center for Strategic Studies March 15, 2020, Violence Continues in Mali Despite Negotiation Efforts, Sirwan Kajjo World Politics Review Numerous men accused of terrorism-related offenses were detained by the national intelligence agency in unauthorized detention facilities and without respect for due process. Im März 2012 kam es in der malischen Hauptstadt Bamako zu einem Militärputsch gegen Präsident Amadou Toumani Touré, dem die Putschisten Unfähigkeit bei der Bekämpfung des Aufstandes vorwarfen. There was scant progress on delivering justice for atrocities committed since 2012-2013, however several investigations were opened by local courts and the Specialized  Judicial Unit, including into the Ogossagou massacre. Justice Minister Malick Coulibaly, appointed in May, took concrete steps to improve prison conditions and vowed to improve access to justice and make progress on atrocity cases. July 2017, Reconstructing local orders in Mali: Historical perspectives and future challenges, Andrew Lebovich In February 2017, France and the Group of Five for the Sahel (G5) countries—Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger—announced the creation of the G5 Sahel Force, a five thousand-troop-strong counterterrorism force aimed at fighting militant groups with an expanded mandate to move across borders in the Sahel region; the multinational force began operations in October 2017. April 22, 2020, France Should Give Mali Space to Negotiate With Jihadists, Alex Thurston Der Konflikt in Mali ist eine Kombination aus dem Aufbegehren der Tuareg im Norden, einer sozio-ökonomischen Krise und der dschihadistischen Expansion in der gesamten Sahel-Zone. The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission, established in 2014 to investigate crimes and root causes of violence since 1960, has taken over 14,000 victim and witness statements, but its credibility was weakened by the inclusion of armed group members and exclusion of victims’ representatives. Foreign Policy N24-Reporter Christoph Wanner ist in Mali. In addition, northern Mali remains a central transit point for young migrants from all over western Africa looking to travel to Algeria or Libya with the ultimate goal of reaching Europe. Voice of America They also imposed their version of Sharia (Islamic law) via courts that did not adhere to fair trial standards. Der Konflikt und die Instabilität in der Zentralafrikanischen Republik (ZAR) sorgen für noch mehr Vertreibung und eine Verschärfung der Ernährungssituation. This was the mid-term report of the Mali Panel of Experts. Conor Gaffey August 2018, The Evolution of U.S. Defense Posture in North and West Africa, Alice Hunt Friend The Central Sahel: Scene of New Climate Wars? June 1, 2018, U.S. Washington Post Cipher Brief The U.S. military has also increased its presence in the Sahel, deploying approximately 1,500 troops to the region and building a drone base in Niger to serve as a platform for strikes against groups across West and North Africa. December 12, 2017, Levi Maxey The military justice system made some progress in investigating dozens of past extrajudicial killings by their forces. Armed Islamists planted explosives in the bodies of security force members, and in February a civilian’s body, which exploded during his burial, killing 17. Associated Press Foreign Policy May 17, 2019, Problems in the Sahel Only Growing, Says ACLED, John Campbell Military investigations into the alleged extrajudicial killing of almost 50 suspects in Diourra, Boulikessi and Nantaka in 2018 progressed but at time of writing no soldier had been prosecuted. Am 21. July 9, 2019. MINUSMA meaningfully supported the government, including in atrocity investigations, and community reconciliation efforts, and increased patrolling. World Politics Review Critical Threats CFR Council Special Report Troops from the Malian Armed Forces and French soldiers conduct a joint patrol during the regional anti-insurgent Operation Barkhane in Tin Hama, Mali on October 19, 2017. Which Jihadi Groups Operate in Africa's Sahel Region? New York Times In contrast, the Specialized Unit was actively investigating over 200 terrorism-related cases and in 2018, completed 10 trials. European Council on Foreign Relations