Surely the entire economy isn’t merely an exercise in cognitive dissonance reduction. Some critics of Mormonism appeal to the social psychological concept of “cognitive dissonance” to dismiss the spiritual witnesses of intelligent, articulate members, Cognitive dissonance theory, when applied with a critic’s intent to explaining away the witnesses and convictions of believers, is badly flawed, Critics argue that believers make claims of love for and faith in the gospel in order to explain why they would put up with the demands and difficulties of a Church oriented lifestyle. No matter how much faithful Mormons might insist the critic does not understand Mormons’ points of view or evaluations of the evidence, this just serves as stronger evidence to the critic of the depth of the Mormons’ delusions. None of us is immune to it. Many people seem able to cope with considerable dissonance and not experience the tensions the theory predicts. Meanwhile, woe unto any whistle blower who points any of this out so people can deal rationally with the problems and correct they i.e., bring consonance to the otherwise very human (errant) system. Michael Shermer, an agnostic and writer for Skeptic magazine, specifically dismissed the idea that cognitive dissonance could serve as a tool to explain away the convictions of religious believers as a group: This is not to say Shermer would deny some believers might be misusing cognitive dissonance. The message that booms through the above evidence to me is that the denial inducing nature of cognitive dissonance makes it difficult to self-diagnose. Nothing in cognitive dissonance theory demands it be exclusive of all other motivating factors and influences. Discuss the basic assumptions of dissonance theory including factors influencing the magnitude of dissonance and two ways to reduce dissonance. To the extent we drag them into the conscious realm, they largely stop operating.[5]. See below for an example. Hence, not only does the Theory of Cogdis fail to meet the most basic standards of a scientific theory, but it is useless when applied to behavior in the real world. For more than six decades, CDT suggests that cognitive inconsistency leads to a motivational state that promotes regulation, which comes mainly through a … Question: What is "cognitive dissonance" and how does it relate to Mormonism? The polygraph pops to mind as the most objective instrument to use, but no one has ever been able to determine just what such an apparatus detects when needles deflect. When there is significant dissonance, it results from a clash of the top-down, super-ego values confronting lower impulses from the ID. The conflicted non-tithe payer can choose from four different strategies: This is where the irony of cognitive dissonance as a complaint against believers emerges. The theory of cognitive dissonance is subjected to scientific criteria for a theory and found wanting. Cognitive dissonance falls into the same category as these feelings. Queer (or Gender Criticism) No! Nothing in cognitive dissonance theory demands it be exclusive of all other motivating factors and influences. Non-believers claim that their invocation of cognitive dissonance is scientific and objective. It may be an underlying factor, like dozens of other possible factors. We are a volunteer organization. It makes the social transaction of compliance to a religious way of life make sense. The same frankness should exist when addressing the motivational state of cognitive dissonance. What they have in common is that they’re internal states that drive us to action. Cognitive dissonance can also arise when we hold two or more different beliefs that conflict with each other. Cognitive dissonance refers to the uncomfortable feeling that occurs when there is a conflict between one’s belief and behavior [1]. In the spirit of “live by the sword, die by the sword,” critics who level cognitive dissonance at believers should consider the role of the same phenomenon in their own thoughts, feelings, and convictions. Appeals to cognitive dissonance allow the critic to fit the evidence to his biases and “diagnose” flaws in others. We’ve come to expect believers to refer to these kinds of motivational states in their accounts. Cognitive Dissonance Theory. Although it is not always supported (for example, curiosity might interfere with the selective exposure effect), there is no question that this theory has strong research support. The dichotomy critics have used to frame the relationship between cognitive dissonance and a spiritual witness is a false one. And this, according to Rosenburg, may produce results consistent with cognitive dissonance theory, but that were in reality the result of the sub… in Advertising, Public relations, Marketing and Consumer Behavior, Interpersonal Communication, Psychology, Behavioral And Social Science. Cognitive Dissonance Theory is a very wide-ranging theory. Critics try to extrapolate the first simple, straightforward findings into areas of social and spiritual life where the original concepts and methods can never venture. A three-dimensional model is proposed to explain the relevant activity. A woman, “Mrs. A major criticism of Cognitive Dissonance Theory refers to its lack of _____, a major criterion for judging theories. I also find the theory of cognitive dissonance useless as a predictor of human behavior. This unsettling feeling brings about intense motivation to get rid of the inconsistency. Cognitive dissonance theory is one of the most studied, debated and influential theories in social psychology. Non-believing critics may be prone to labeling interpretations with which they do not agree as examples of “cognitive dissonance” while their own positions are portrayed as products of dispassionate analysis. Not even Freud made claims like these about our access to the subconscious. Theorist Biography. Cognitive dissonance theory, when applied with a critic’s intent to explaining away the witnesses and convictions of believers, is badly flawed. In doing so, the dice are loaded from the start since it's the critics' epistemological assumptions that will determine the outcome. There is a change in respiration rate and Galvanic skin response, but it is never clear what these alterations indicate. Now, how does reading the law of the land become a crime? By Jenny Lam In William L. Benoit's discussion of persuasion and the characteristics of the cognitive dissonance theory, he stresses different aspects of Festinger's results that make it worthy of further study but also questions the validity of the experiment altogether. Inconsistent or conflicting beliefs lead to disharmony, which people strive to avoid. They may assume anyone who disbelieves a religious account is somehow more free from bias than a believer. Consider for a moment Pope Julius II riding at the head of an army. Highly anxious people are more likely to do so. Consider the payment of tithing to the Church as a case study. Wendy Ulrich, Ph.D., "“Believest thou…?”: Faith, Cognitive Dissonance, and the Psychology of Religious Experience", https://www.fairmormon.org/answers/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Mormonism/Cognitive_dissonance&oldid=183750. Donate to us by shopping at Amazon at no extra cost to you. Rationalizations are invited but of dubious merit. If at the same time, you realize that you believe that smoking is unhealthy and that you regularly smoke, that would be inconsistent. His beliefs are in conflict with his actions. Fortunately, most fair-minded people realize that—just as in any religion—there are intelligent, well-informed people who become or remain members of the Church. Such a claim would be clearly ridiculous. Introduction. minimal justification. Most of us will recognize motivational states such as hope and love and remorse as common themes in personal stories of spiritual witnesses. The second objection is that there may be no reduction at all. One day, he happened to read a tract about the evils of smoking, so he.......? That is taboo. FAIR is a non-profit organization dedicated to providing well-documented answers to criticisms of the doctrine, practice, and history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Keech,” reported receiving messages from extraterrestrial aliens that the world would end in a great flood on a specific date. Bob McCue, “Notes for Van Hale’s Radio Show”; e-mail posting (5 September 2004), copy in author's possession; Bob McCue, “Van Hale’s ‘Mormon Miscellaneous’ Radio Talk Show,” Version 3, 20 Sept 2004. Cognitive dissonance theory explains human behavior by positing that people have a bias to seek consonance between their expectations and reality. It’s argued by critics that members don’t actually receive spiritual witnesses. That would be like claiming anything we do while we're hungry is the result of that hunger alone and can't be attributed to any other motivation. Critics argue that believers make claims of love for and faith in the gospel in order to explain why they would put up with the demands and difficulties of a Church oriented lifestyle. Dissonance is described as being the discomfort one feels when presented with two conflicting beliefs, or acting in a way that goes against a held cognition. Such matters commonly remain unresolved because that suits the powers that be, with the resulting tension defining Life. Critics define what evidence or beliefs are "rational" and which are "false" or "irrational." Known to others as a study on "induced compliance" (Benoit 1), Festinger's experiment encouraged… We invite you to give back. Rationalize some verbal blending of the two? What did he do? The presence, or resolution, of dissonance proves nothing about the facts in question. No portion of this site may be reproduced without the express written consent of The Foundation for Apologetic Information and Research, Inc. Any opinions expressed, implied, or included in or with the goods and services offered by FAIR are solely those of FAIR and not those of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is a substitute for rational discussion of the evidence and for thoughtful consideration of the possibility of a real the witness of the Spirit. In Cognitive dissonance: Fifty years of a classic theory (pp. Leon Festinger, (1919 – 1989), was born to Russian-Jewish immigrants Alex Festinger and Sara Solomon Festinger in Brooklyn, New York. Is that what you predicted?! They don’t reduce well to laboratory settings. Alter behavior or the standards for behavior? Measurement of dissonance is questioned, predictability is wanting, its occurrence outside the lab is anecdotal and it cannot be refuted because anything is interpreted as reducing psychic tension. The key behind dissonance is inconsistency. “Subconscious” forces used to explain behavior, especially by the outside observer, can only be unfalsifiable hypotheses. Since a person is—by definition—unaware of subconscious processes, how can the critic know with any confidence that the "forces we are about to discuss" look anything like the subconscious ones? In response, some critics appeal to the social psychological concept of “cognitive dissonance” to dismiss the spiritual witnesses of intelligent, articulate members. How Cognitive Dissonance Affects Behavior . Mental health services are not merely magic confessionals. Even though cognitive dissonance may be real and universal, its operation alone says nothing about the quality or truth of someone's beliefs. One critic espousing cognitive dissonance as a problem in religious life tells us: The most important part of this analysis, by far, is to recognize that the forces we are about to discuss [cognitive dissonance] operate mostly at the subconscious level. The theory of cognitive dissonance was molded by Leon Festinger at the beginning of the 1950s. It’s difficult to imagine a setting where faithful Mormons could be given a proper chance to prove that their resistance to anti-Mormon "evidence" operates independently of cognitive dissonance. Instead, it’s argued, members invent personal spiritual myths to reduce the dissonance they feel when they take on religious rules and responsibilities that yield minimal rewards. They also examined how the amounth of Consult a psychologist? Researchers have pointed out that because Cognitive Dissonance Theory asserts that dissonance will motivate people to act, when people do not act, so testability. Leon Festinger - Leon Festinger - Cognitive dissonance: While at the University of Minnesota, Festinger read about a cult that believed that the end of the world was at hand. Even Mormon scriptures deal at length with the role of hope and desire in faith acquisition Moroni 7:40 Alma 32:27. London: SAGE Publications Ltd doi: 10.4135/9781446214282.n2 (s) He does not want consonance; (s) he wants to remain dissonant. The faithful Mormon could just as easily respond that an anti-Mormon's perspective is all due to cognitive dissonance. Cognitive Dissonance Theory is a notion created by Leon Festinger that disputes that dissonance is an awkward feeling that encourages people to take action to diminish it. Cognitive Dissonance Theory does not undermine the possibility of receiving a genuine spiritual witness. In order to restore inner equilibrium, he can reduce the dissonance, acquire new information, or minimize the importance of the dissonance to a point where it doesn’t bother him anymore. Cognitive Dissonance Theory M.SOHAIB AFZAAL 2. It simply illuminates another of many motivational states. One chief criticism of cognitive dissonance theory is that: Cognitive dissonance can't be reliably measured. The first is that anything done is interpreted as reducing dissonance whether it in fact does or not. If any further proof of the uselessness of the theory of cognitive dissonance is needed, just consider what happens should anyone blow the whistle and say what is going on. [6], Unfortunately for the critics, if we assume that this is true, then critics themselves are equally vulnerable to the same treatment. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Dissonance Theory Glossary References Self-test: Cognitive Dissonance Theory Another form of consistency theory is Cognitive Dissonance Theory, developed by Leon Festinger (1957). Rosenburg (1965) suggested that in many of the experiments that the participants may feel as though their sincerity and integrity were being tested. If anything is predictable, it is that cogdising people would alter their conduct to bring it into congruence with their conflicted super-ego verbal system, but there are two problems with this prediction. It’s an uncomfortable, even painful state. From the very beginning, cognitive dissonance was a term meant to describe a “motivational state.” There are many different kinds of motivational states.
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