Brookings Institution Where Do Sahel Terrorists Get Their Heavy Weapons? Casualties in the Sahel Highlight Jihadi Persistence, John Campbell CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Es ist ein trauriges Jubiläum, das Syrien im Frühjahr 2021 begeht: Seit einem Jahrzehnt ist das Land im Bürgerkrieg. Malian security forces subjected numerous suspects to severe mistreatment and several died in custody or were forcibly disappeared. ECOWAS issued sanctions against the coup leaders, suspended travel rights, and demanded the release of Keita and other arrested officials. 287,000 Malians were internally displaced as of mid-2020, almost double the previous year, and at least 142,000 were refugees in neighboring countries as of early 2020, per U.N. figures. War on the Rocks April 22, 2020, France Should Give Mali Space to Negotiate With Jihadists, Alex Thurston August 8, 2019, Ansaroul Islam: The Rise and Decline of a Militant Islamist Group in the Sahel, Pauline Le Roux In einem Papier, dass Sie gemeinsam mit anderen Afrikanisten und Kennern der Region erstellt haben, kritisieren Sie die Einsätze. Over 50 civilians were killed by improvised explosive devices planted on roadways, especially in central Mali. The United States and France immediately condemned the coup, as did the UN Security Council, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and the African Union (AU). Här har vi beskrivit de största pågående konflikterna i världen, samt konflikter där FN är inne med sina fredsstyrkor. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Mali galt lange als ein demokratischer Musterstaat in Afrika. Agri-Photovoltaik, kurz Agri-PV - Eine neue Form von PV-Anlagen, in der neben der Stromerzeugung auch die landwirtschaftliche Fläche zum Nutzpflanzenanbau erhalten bleibt. Jahrelanger Beschuss von Wohnvierteln, herabfallende Bomben, Tote und Verletzte – diese Bilder haben sich einer ganzen Generation eingebrannt. As Islamist groups began pushing toward the center of the country, the French military intervened in January 2013 at the request of the Malian government, deploying ground troops and launching an air campaign to push back the militants. September 25, 2018, ‘I Have Lost Everything’: In Central Mali, Rising Extremism Stirs Inter-Communal Conflict, Philip Kleinfeld International Crisis Group April 22, 2020, Katherine Zimmerman East & North Africa, Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali, U.S. military has also increased its presence. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Operation Barkhane, the 4,500-member French regional counterterrorism force, conducted numerous operations in Mali. The MNLA was backed by a collection of Islamist militant groups—Ansar Dine, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), and the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa—and together the groups moved to take over territory in the north. January 24, 2020, Why U.S. Troop Cuts in Africa Would Cause Alarm, Cara Anna October 10, 2019, Strategies for Peace and Security in the Sahel, Africa Center for Strategic Studies September 27, 2018, Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM), Center for Strategic and International Studies April 16, 2020, Judd Devermont and Marielle Harris John Campbell and J. Peter Pham Center for Strategic and International Studies 2012 January. The three heads of state will oversee an eighteen-month transitional period before elections are held. Numerous men accused of terrorism-related offenses were detained by the national intelligence agency in unauthorized detention facilities and without respect for due process. Armed Islamists massacred numerous civilians, including in Menaka region and at least 38 in Yoro and Gangafani II villages near the Burkina Faso border. May 17, 2019, Problems in the Sahel Only Growing, Says ACLED, John Campbell February 28, 2020, France and G5 Sahel Recommit Themselves as U.S. Mulls Drawdown, John Campbell Eurasia, Middle Foreign Policy 3 April 2020 SC/14156: This was a 2374 Mali Sanctions Committee press release on its 2 March meeting with Mali and regional states on the sanctions regime. July 29, 2019, Frontlines in Flux in Battle against African Militant Islamist Groups, Africa Center for Strategic Studies December 20, 2019, How Jihadists Struck Gold in Africa's Sahel, David Lewis and Ryan McNeill New York Times International Peace Institute The Central Sahel: Scene of New Climate Wars? In July, the parliament passed a law of “national understanding,” which civil society groups contended could lead to impunity for some serious human rights violations. In August 2020, military officers in Mali carried out a bloodless coup that led to the resignation and removal of Malian President Ibraham Boubacar Keita and Malian Prime Minister Boubou Cisse. May 9, 2016, Christopher S. Chivvis A new justice minister improved detention conditions and pledged to prioritize the fight against impunity. May 18, 2018, Mapping Islamist Terrorist Incidents in Africa for 2017, John Campbell Attacks by armed Islamists allied to Al-Qaeda, and to a lesser extent the Islamist State affiliate in the Sahel, killed over 150 civilians, as well as scores of government forces and at least 16 United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) peacekeepers, including the January 20 attack on the Aguelhok UN base that killed 11 Chadian peacekeepers. April 29, 2018, A Shadowy War’s Newest Front: A Drone Base Rising From Saharan Dust, Eric Schmitt The EU Training Mission in Mali (EUTM) and EU Capacity Building Mission (EUCAP), continued to train and advise Mali’s security forces. Horoskop - Aktuelle Nachrichten aus Köln und der ganzen Welt World Politics Review Seine Einschätzung zur Lage und den Vorwürfen der Racheaktionen der Regierungstruppen. Trotz des Friedensabkommens von 2015 greift die Destabilisierung immer weiter vom Norden auf … Die Republik Mali gab sich ihren Namen in Erinnerung an das westafrikanische Großreich Mali unter der Keita-Dynastie (Blütezeit: 12.-14. Mali - Nachrichten und Information: An 365 Tagen im Jahr, rund um die Uhr aktualisiert, die wichtigsten News auf tagesschau.de IPI Global Observatory January 14, 2020, Jihadi Violence and Terror Surging in West Africa, John Campbell Peter Dörrie Wall Street Journal Mali’s human rights situation deteriorated in 2019 as hundreds of civilians were killed in numerous incidents by ethnic self-defense groups, most for their perceived support of Islamist groups, and attacks by armed Islamists intensified in northern and central parts of the county allied to Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State, targeted Malian security services, peacekeepers, international forces, and increasingly, civilians. April 2018, Burkina Faso’s Alarming Escalation of Jihadist Violence, Rinaldo Depagne Little progress was made toward providing justice for victims of abuses, and rule-of-law institutions remained weak. On September 3, an explosion killed 14 bus passengers near Dallah, and a June attack near Yoro killed 11. Mali’s jihadist merger: desperate or dangerous? Im März 2012 kam es in der malischen Hauptstadt Bamako zu einem Militärputsch gegen Präsident Amadou Toumani Touré, dem die Putschisten Unfähigkeit bei der Bekämpfung des Aufstandes vorwarfen. Nach Angaben der UNO starben 2019 in Niger, Mali und Burkina Faso 4.000 Menschen durch dschihadistische oder ethnisch motivierte Gewalt. Troops from the Malian Armed Forces and French soldiers conduct a joint patrol during the regional anti-insurgent Operation Barkhane in Tin Hama, Mali on October 19, 2017. The alliance between the MNLA and the Islamist groups was short-lived; in June 2012 the MNLA broke with Ansar Dine and AQIM over the Islamists push to impose Sharia law in the north. Der Konflikt und die Instabilität in der Zentralafrikanischen Republik (ZAR) sorgen für noch mehr Vertreibung und eine Verschärfung der Ernährungssituation. Chronologie des Mali-Konflikts. Der Bundestag hat für die Verlängerung des Bundeswehr-Einsatzes in Mali gestimmt. CTC Sentinel Juni 2020 Demokratische Republik Kongo: vermutlich ADF: islamistisch Brandstiftung Gebäude, Zivilisten 6 ADF-Konflikt: 15. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission, established in 2014 to investigate crimes and root causes of violence since 1960, has taken over 14,000 victim and witness statements, but its credibility was weakened by the inclusion of armed group members and exclusion of victims’ representatives. New York Times January 18, 2017, Protecting Mali's Peace: The Role of Civil Society, Delphine Mechoulan, Lesley Connolly, and Minna Hojland CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Trotz des Friedensabkommens von 2015 greift die Destabilisierung immer weiter vom Norden auf die Mitte des Landes über. Despite increased international involvement, the campaign against militants has instead resulted in the spread of militancy to countries across the Sahel. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Does Washington Have a Stake in the Sahel? This crisis is both a humanitarian and security concern as militant groups in the Sahel region often tax trafficking and smuggling routes to fund their campaigns. December 13, 2018, Emily Estelle Bei einem Luftangriff der französischen Armee in Mali starben im Januar mehr als 20 Menschen. Africa Center for Strategic Studies Europe Has Spent Years Trying to Prevent ‘Chaos’ in the Sahel. June 12, 2018, Analysts Warn Sahel Region to Deny Militants Safe Havens, Ibrahim Ahmed The worsening security situation in the country provoked a political crisis and led to delays in the constitutional review process and parliamentary elections. September 4, 2018, Shadowy U.S. Drone War in Africa Set to Expand, Lara Seligman May 21, 2020, How Counterinsurgency Campaigns Are Fueling Human Rights Abuses in the Sahel, Peter TInti Ich bin nicht dafür, dass die Bundeswehr übermorgen aus In July 2020, the France 24 reported that unidentified gunmen opened fire on civilians on multiple villages of Mali and killed at least 31 civilians and 9 soldiers who returned fire, all within a week's time. January 9, 2020, Foreign Troops Fighting Jihadists in the Sahel Face Criticism as Terror Grows, John Campbell By April 2012, the groups controlled nearly all of the territory in the north and declared independence. CFR Interview May 12, 2016, Corinne Dufka Aber: Was macht die Bundeswehr eigentlich dort? Atrocities against civilians and the deteriorating security situation in the Sahel, garnered significant attention from Mali’s international partners, notably the United Nations, France, Germany, the European Union, and the United States. During 2019, at least 400 civilians were killed in incidents of communal violence in central and northern Mali. The state of emergency gives security services additional authority and restricts public gatherings. October 31, 2017, Operation Barkhane: France's Counterterrorism Forces in Africa, Alan Taylor The U.S. military has also increased its presence in the Sahel, deploying approximately 1,500 troops to the region and building a drone base in Niger to serve as a platform for strikes against groups across West and North Africa. In July, the Council put five men—two businessmen, two armed Islamists, and a parliamentarian—on the sanction list. In February 2017, France and the Group of Five for the Sahel (G5) countries—Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger—announced the creation of the G5 Sahel Force, a five thousand-troop-strong counterterrorism force aimed at fighting militant groups with an expanded mandate to move across borders in the Sahel region; the multinational force began operations in October 2017. July 2017, Mali's Next Battle: Improving Counterterrorism Capabilities, Michael Shurkin, Stephanie Pezard, and S. Rebecca Zimmerman January 25, 2018, Finding the Right Role for the G5 Sahel Joint Force, International Crisis Group May 2019, The Ogossagou Massacre: Mali’s Ethnic and Islamist Divisions, Greg Hackleton Etter det har politikken vært preget av konflikt mellom staten, opprørsgrupper og islamistiske grupperinger. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” November 3, 2017, Audu Bulama Bukarti November 29, 2016, Mali extends state of emergency for eight months, Tensions, Armed Groups Emerge in Central Mali, Katarina Hoije Critical Threats Als dort der Konflikt eskalierte, flohen sie in Richtung Süden: ins legendäre Mande, das Land ihrer Vorfahren. World Politics Review In March 2012, then-President Amadou Toumani Toure was deposed in a military coup carried out by the Malian army as anger spread over the government’s response to the rebellion. Bereits nach dem Einsatz hieß es, unter den Opfern seien vor allem Zivilisten. European Council on Foreign Relations March 3, 2020, Terrorism Threat in West Africa Soars as U.S. Weighs Troop Cuts, Eric Schmitt The coup followed months of protests against Keita’s administration, which escalated in July 2020 when a clash with security forces resulted in several fatalities. The mandate of the Specialized Judicial Unit against Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime (Specialized Judicial Unit), created by law in 2013, was in July expanded to include international human rights crimes. Wall Street Journal Despite the presence of various counterterrorism forces and internationally supported military operations, violent attacks and reprisals have increased and major terrorist networks and other militant groups appear to be gaining power in Mali. September 25, 2020, With Keita Gone After Another Coup, Mali Enters a New Phase of Uncertainty, Peter Tinti June 14, 2019, Speaking with the “Bad Guys”: Toward Dialogue With Central Mali’s Jihadists, International Crisis Group Juni 2020 Irak: Diyala: IS: salafistisch, wahhabitisch 7 5 Konflikt im Irak seit 2019: 14. Cipher Brief IRIN July 2020, Fratricidal Clash in West Africa Pits al Qaeda Against Islamic State, Joe Parkinson, Michael M. Phillips, and Warren P. Strobel March 16, 2016, John Campbell International Crisis Group April 24, 2020, Understanding Fulani Perspectives on the Sahel Crisis, Modibo Ghaly Cissé Islamists gained control over Timbuktu and Gao, destroying shrines and imposing a harsh interpretation of Islamic rule. Mali’s “Civilian” Government Has Rather a Lot of Soldiers, The Legacy of Military Governance in Mali, Africa Center for Strategic Studies December 19, 2018, Drug Trafficking, Violence and Politics in Northern Mali, International Crisis Group World Politics Review July 7, 2016, Andrew Lebovich CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Several attacks and reprisals perpetrated by loosely formed militias along ethnic lines indicate that violence at the community level may also be rising. CFR Council Special Report April 9, 2018, Regions at Risk: Preventing Mass Atrocities in Mali, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Politico Jahrhundert), das von den Malinké gegründet wurde und als das bedeutendste frühmittelalterliche Großreich Westafrikas angesehen wird. Reuters In September, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), pledged US$1 billion to help support G5 Sahel and national militaries in countering terrorism from 2020- 2024. Associated Press The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) reported 99 cases of recruitment and use of children by armed groups in the first six months of 2019, more than double those reported the previous year. Selected Security Council Letters: View All CFR Backgrounder, John Campbell Conor Gaffey September 22, 2014, Press Statement of the 457th Peace and Security Council meeting on the developments in the situation in Mali and the Sahel, African Union June 1, 2018, U.S. Institute for Global Change April 30, 2020. Attacks by armed Islamists allied to Al-Qaeda, and to a lesser extent the Islamist State affiliate in the Sahel, killed over 150 civilians, as well as scores of government forces and at least 16 United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) peacekeepers, including the January 20 attack on the Aguelhok UN base that killed 11 Chadian peacekeepers. ###bild-1-31###Herr Asche, die Bundesregierung will den Einsatz der Bundeswehr in Mali verlängern; der Bundestag wird demnächst darüber entscheiden. June 28, 2020, U.S. Tussles With France, UN Over Counterterrorism Efforts in West Africa, Robbie Gramer and Colum Lynch International Centre for Defence and Security & International Institutions, Europe In June 2020, the mandate for the UN peacekeeping mission in Mali (MINUSMA) was renewed and approved to maintain more than fifteen thousand personnel in Mali and support implementation of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali (2015), among other priority tasks. June 25, 2014, Adjunct Senior Fellow for African Peace and Security Issues, Ralph Bunche Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies. More than thirteen thousand UN peacekeepers remain deployed in Mali and MINUSMA has been called the UN’s most dangerous mission due to the high number of attacks on peacekeepers. 16 January - 17 January: Battle of Menaka between the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) and the army of Mali.On the 17th, fighting spread to towns of Aguelhok and Tessalit. Human Rights Watch August 2018, The Evolution of U.S. Defense Posture in North and West Africa, Alice Hunt Friend December 14, 2015, Why the U.S. April 3, 2017, The Sahel: Mali’s Crumbling Peace Process and the Spreading Jihadist Threat, International Crisis Group Der bisher größte Bundeswehreinsatz, Afghanistan, dürfte absehbar enden: Danach werden die beiden Missionen in Mali zentral für deutsches Militär sein.