frederik willem de klerk

 

Autres résolutions : 190 × 240 pixels | 603 × 762 pixels. [46] As he later related, the collapse of "the Marxist economic system in Eastern Europe... serves as a warning to those who insist on persisting with it in Africa. Frederik Willem de Klerk OMG DMS is a South African retired politician, who served as State President of South Africa from 1989 to 1994 and as Deputy President from 1994 to 1996. China is cementing its interests in Africa and its access to its natural resources which they require for their economy - it is their right to do so. On 2 February 1989, he was elected leader of the National Party. The future of southern Africa depends on us. Frederik Willem de Klerk (født 18. marts 1936, Johannesburg) var den sidste præsident i apartheidæraen i Sydafrika og sad fra september 1989 til maj 1994. [127], Glad and Blanton stated that de Klerk, along with Mandela, "accomplished the rare feat of bringing about systemic revolution through peaceful means. D er 1936 in Johannesburg geborene Frederik Willem de Klerk war von 1989 bis 1994 Präsident der Republik Südafrika. After Botha resigned in 1989, de Klerk replaced him, first as leader of the National Party and then as State President. [87] De Klerk did, however, speak at Central Connecticut State University the day before his fellowship would have begun. From 1994 to 1996 he was vice president of South Africa. Pour en savoir plus, voir l'article Afrique du Sud : vie politique depuis 1961. 1978–89 vyriausybės narys. Within the National Party, he continually strove for unity, coming to be regarded—according to his brother—as "a party man, a veritable Mr National Party". [94], In 2006, he underwent surgery for a malignant tumour in his colon. [22] Foreign press coverage was largely positive and de Klerk received messages of support from other governments. "[103] He attended the memorial service for him on 10 December 2013. Er wurde am 18. [35] Soon after, he called for the introduction of a new South African constitution, hinting that it would need to provide greater concession to non-white racial groups. [43] In October, he personally agreed to meet with Tutu, Boesak, and Frank Chikane in a private meeting in Pretoria. [78] De Klerk was also having problems from within his own party, some of whose members claimed that he was neglecting the party while in the government. [29] Vorster planned to promote de Klerk to the position of a deputy minister in January 1976, but instead the job went to Andries Treurnicht. [17] He was inculturated in the norms and values of Afrikaner society, including festivals like Kruger Day, loyalty to the Afrikaner nation, and stories of the "age of injustice" that the Afrikaner faced under the British. After the inauguration of Jacob Zuma as South Africa's president in May 2009, de Klerk said he is optimistic that Zuma and his government can "confound the prophets of doom". [20] At university, he was initiated into the Broederbond, a secret society for the Afrikaner social elite. "[128] His brother noted that de Klerk's role in South African history was "to dismantle more than three centuries of white supremacy", and that in doing so his was "not a role of white surrender, but a role of white conversion to a new role" in society. [99] He has also received the Gold Medal for Outstanding Contribution to Public Discourse from the College Historical Society of Trinity College, Dublin, for his contribution to ending apartheid. » On connait tous l’histoire de Nelson Mandela qui, part sa sagesse et son amour instaure la paix en Afrique du Sud. [16], When de Klerk was twelve years old, the apartheid system was officially institutionalised by the South African government;[17] his father had been one of its originators. [125] He also enjoys a glass of whisky or wine while relaxing. Choisissez parmi des contenus premium Frederik Willem De Klerk de la plus haute qualité. I analysed it as it was formulated, to the letter. [80], In de Klerk's view, his greatest defeat in the negotiations with Mandela had been his inability to secure a blanket amnesty for all those working for the government or state during the apartheid period. Fichier; Historique du fichier; Utilisation du fichier; Usage global du fichier; Métadonnées; Taille de cet aperçu : 474 × 599 pixels. [6] His paternal great-grandfather, Jan van Rooy, had been a senator, while his paternal grandfather, Willem, had been a clergyman who fought in the Anglo-Boer War[4] and who stood twice, unsuccessfully, as a National Party candidate. He did not believe that South Africa would become a "non-racial society", but rather sought to build a "non-racist society" in which ethnic divisions remained; in his view "I do not believe in the existence of anything like a non-racial society in the literal sense of the word", citing the example of the United States and United Kingdom where there was no legal racial segregation but that distinct racial groups continued to exist. Although she opposed the anti-apartheid movement's calls for economic sanctions against South Africa, at the meeting she urged de Klerk to release the imprisoned anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela. [106], On 2 February 2020, de Klerk made a statement during an interview with SABC, a South African state broadcaster that "the idea that apartheid was a crime against humanity was and remains an agitprop project initiated by the Soviets and their ANC/SACP allies to stigmatize white South Africans by associating them with genuine crimes against humanity. CNN Editorial Research. [5] These white right-wing groups were aware that they would not get what they wanted through the forthcoming negotiations, and so increasingly tried to derail the negotiations using revolutionary violence. [59] It was also received negatively by some on the white right-wing, including in the Conservative Party, who believed that de Klerk was betraying the white population. They were given the prize for peacefully ending apartheid and setting up a new government in South Africa. [63], —De Klerk on a post-apartheid society[64], His presidency was dominated by the negotiation process, mainly between his NP government and the ANC, which led to the democratization of South Africa. Frederik Willem de Klerk. Bush. Pretoria: Litera. Frederik Willem de Klerk Frederik Willem de Klerk (Johannesburg, 18 maart 1936) is een Zuid-Afrikaans voormalig politicus. [126] He enjoys playing golf and hunting, as well as going for brisk walks. [82] De Klerk did not object to Tutu being selected as the TRC's chair for he regarded him as politically independent of Mandela's government, but he was upset that the white Progressive Party MP Alex Boraine had been selected as its deputy chair, later saying of Boraine: "beneath an urbane and deceptively affable exterior beat the heart of a zealot and an inquisitor. Those who seek to force this failure of a system on South Africa should engage in a total revision of their point of view. He became the information officer of the Transvaal National Party, responsible for its propaganda output,[27] and helped to establish a new National Party youth movement. De Klerk foi também o líder do Partido Nacional, de fevereiro de 1989 a setembro de 1997. [85] In his later autobiography, de Klerk acknowledged that the TRC did significant damage to his public image.[86]. Nuo 1972 parlamento deputatas. Avocat et homme d'État sud-africain... Afrique du Sud : vie politique depuis 1961. Frederik Willem de Klerk Frederik Willem de Klerk tunnetaan nimellä F. W. de Klerk (s. 18. maaliskuuta 1936 Johannesburg, Etelä-Afrikka) on eteläafrikkalainen poliitikko, joka toimi maansa valtiollisena presidenttinä vuosina 1989 – 1994 ja Kansallispuolueen johtajana 1989– 1997. [25] Lettres à Nelson Mandela, Frederik Willem de Klerk, Debats Publics Editions. [114], Glad and Blanton stated that de Klerk's "political choices were undergirded by self-confidence and commitment to the common good. "[83], De Klerk appeared before the TRC hearing to testify for Vlakplaas commanders who were accused of having committed human rights abuses during the apartheid era. Amid this violence, the state security forces committed widespread human rights abuses and encouraged violence between Xhosa and Zulu, although de Klerk later denied sanctioning such actions. [29] As minister of Post and Telecommunications, he finalised contracts that oversaw the electrification of that sector. [81] He had hoped that the TRC would be made up of an equal number of individuals from both the old and new governments, as there had been in the Chilean human rights commission. [29] As Minister of Mining, he formalised a policy on coal exports and the structuring of Eskom and the Atomic Energy Corporation. Frederik Willem De Klerk. Mouvement nationaliste indépendantiste d'Afrique du Sud fondé le 8 janvier 1912... Régime de ségrégation systématique des populations de couleur, en Afrique... Nelson Mandela. De Klerk stated that "The silver thread throughout my career was my advocacy of National Party policy in all its various formulations. [29] [74] When he was being sworn in, and the chief justice said "So help me God", de Klerk did not repeat this, instead stating, in Afrikaans: "So help me the triune God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit". [22] After becoming party leader, de Klerk extended his foreign contacts. [33] This emphasis on reconciliation was his biggest legacy. I saw my role in the party as that of an interpreter of the party's real median policy at any stage. His brother Willem is a liberal newspaperman and one of the founders of the Democratic Party. [31] At the same time, he was flexible rather than dogmatic in his approach to political issues. 18 marca 1936 w Johannesburgu) – polityk południowoafrykański, prawnik, prezydent RPA w latach 1989–1994, laureat Pokojowej Nagrody Nobla w 1993 (z Nelsonem Mandelą). "[111] In 1993, he publicly apologised for apartheid's harmful effects, although not for apartheid itself. [107], De Klerk was widely regarded as a politically conservative figure in South Africa. In 1990 South Africa's President Frederik Willem de Klerk decided to release Nelson Mandela, leader of the liberation movement, who had been in prison since 1963. [7] His paternal aunt's husband was J. G. Strijdom, a former Prime Minister. Frederik Willem de KlerkFrederik Willem de Klerk (*18. Frederik Willem de Klerk führte das Land von 1989 bis 1994. Ideologically a conservative and an economic liberal, he led the National Party from 1989 to 1997. And if I were to draw balance sheets on where South Africa stands now, I would say that the positive outweighs the negative by far. His former wife Marike described de Klerk as being "extremely sensitive to beautiful things", exhibiting something akin to an artistic temperament. [35] This general approach led to the perception that he was "trying to be all things to all men". In 1997, de Klerk was offered the Harper Fellowship at Yale Law School. [112], De Klerk accepted the principle of freedom of religion, although still believed that the state should promote Christianity. [22] The collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the dissolution of the Soviet Union meant that he no longer feared that Marxists would manipulate the ANC. De Klerk noted that he is also of Dutch descent,[13][14] with an Indian ancestor from the late-1690s or early 1700s. In May 1996, after the National Party objected to the new constitution, de Klerk withdrew it from the coalition government; the party disbanded the following year and reformed as the New National Party. Trouvez les Frederik Willem De Klerk images et les photos d’actualités parfaites sur Getty Images. Et sans moi, il n’aurait pas pu le faire non plus. The Global Panel Foundation is known for its behind-the-scenes work in public policy and the annual presentation of the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award with the Prague Society for International Cooperation. [56], De Klerk later related that "that speech was mainly aimed at breaking our stalemate in Africa and the West. März 1936 in Johannesburg) ist ein ehemaliger südafrikanischer Politiker. [24], After university, de Klerk pursued a legal career, becoming an articled clerk with the firm Pelser in Klerksdorp. [58] Tutu said that "It's incredible... Give him credit. [32] He had been a forceful proponent of apartheid's system of racial segregation and was perceived as an advocate of the white minority's interests. De Klerk also opened the way for the negotiations of the government with the anti-apartheid-opposition about a new constitution for the country. [20][11] He later noted that during this legal training, he "became accustomed to thinking in terms of legal principles". [61] The white-dominated liberal Democratic Party, meanwhile, found itself in limbo, as de Klerk embraced much of the platform it had espoused, leaving it without a clear purpose. In 2004, de Klerk quit the New National Party and sought a new political home after the NNP merged with the ruling ANC. De Klerk is an Honorary Patron of the University Philosophical Society of Trinity College, Dublin, and Honorary Chairman of the Prague Society for International Cooperation. Après l'élection de N. Mandela à la tête de l'État, il est, de 1994 à 1996, vice-président du gouvernement d'unité nationale présidé par ce dernier. Joining the National Party, to which he had family ties, he was elected to parliament and sat in the white-minority government of P. W. Botha, holding a succession of ministerial posts. [78], Many in the National Party—including many members of its executive committee—were unhappy with the other parties' agreed upon new constitution in May 1996. The Bomb – South Africa’s Nuclear Weapons Programme. [62], Further reforms followed; membership of the National Party was opened up to non-whites. Hij was president van Zuid-Afrika van september 1989 tot mei 1994, en de aanvoerder van de Nasionale Party van februari 1989 tot september 1997. Avocat de formation, élu député en 1972, il succède en 1989 à Pieter Botha à la tête du National Party. Give him credit, I do. [93], In 2008, he repeated in a speech that "despite all the negatives facing South Africa, he is very positive about the country". [126] On March 19, 2021 it was announced that he was diagnosed with mesothelioma. [25] There, he established a reputation as a formidable debater. Oder starten Sie eine neue Suche, um noch mehr Stock-Fotografie und Bilder zu entdecken. [83] Given the widespread and systemic nature of the abuses that had taken place, as well as statements by security officers that their actions had been sanctioned by higher ranking figures, Tutu questioned how de Klerk and other government figures could not have been aware of them. "[47], —De Klerk's speech to Parliament, February 1990[22], On 2 February 1990, in an address to the country's parliament, he introduced plans for sweeping reforms of the political system. The recipient of a wide range of awards—including the Nobel Peace Prize—he was widely praised for dismantling apartheid and bringing universal suffrage to South Africa. [25] He was also on the council of the local technikon, on the council of his church, and on a local school board. [76] De Klerk supported the coalition's economic policies, stating that it "accepted a broad framework of responsible economic policies". [119] He was, according to de Klerk, "a man of compromise rather than a political innovator or entrepreneur". [1] He eventually became a boarder at the Monument High School in Krugersdorp, where he graduated with a first-class pass in 1953. The atrocity was reportedly condemned strongly by South African president Thabo Mbeki and Winnie Mandela, among others, who openly spoke in favour of Marike de Klerk. "[110], For much of his career, de Klerk believed in apartheid and its system of racial segregation. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. Updated 1738 GMT (0138 HKT) March 2, 2021 . [8] His own father, Jan de Klerk, was also a Senator, having served as the secretary of the National Party in Transvaal, president of the senate for seven years, and a member of the country's cabinet for fifteen years under three Prime Ministers. [31] To stem defections from the right-wing end of the National Party, he made "ultra-conservative noises". That same year, while giving an interview to US journalist Richard Stengel, de Klerk was asked whether South Africa had turned out the way he envisioned it back in 1990. [98][99], In January 2007, de Klerk was a speaker promoting peace and democracy in the world at the "Towards a Global Forum on New Democracies" event in Taipei, Taiwan, along with other dignitaries including Poland's Lech Wałęsa and Taiwan's then president Chen Shui-Bian.[100]. [11], The name "de Klerk" is derived from Le Clerc, Le Clercq and De Clercq, and is of French Huguenot origin[12] (meaning "clergyman" or "literate" in old French). In 1997 he resigned the leadership of the National Party and retired from politics. He is the son of Senator Jan de Klerk, a leading politician, who became minister in the South African government. In 2000, de Klerk established the pro-peace FW de Klerk Foundation of which he is the chairman. [81] De Klerk was unhappy with the formation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). [54] In June, parliament approved new legislation that repealed the Natives Land Act, 1913 and Native Trust and Land Act, 1936. He often hedged his bets and sought to accommodate divergent perspectives,[35] favouring compromise over confrontation. Lettres à Neslon Mandela – Frederik Willem de Klerk. In Mandela: The Authorised Biography, Sampson accuses de Klerk of permitting his ministers to build their own criminal empires. In 1999, de Klerk and his wife of 38 years, Marike de Klerk, were divorced following the discovery of his affair with Elita Georgiades,[88] then the wife of Tony Georgiades, a Greek shipping tycoon who had allegedly given de Klerk and the NP financial support. [28] In South Africa, de Klerk also played a senior role in two select committees, one formulating a policy on opening hotels to non-Whites and the other formulating a new censorship law that was less strict than the one that had preceded it. Des milliers de livres avec la livraison chez vous en 1 jour ou en magasin avec -5% de réduction ou téléchargez la version eBook. [27], In 1975, Prime Minister John Vorster predicted that de Klerk would one day become leader of South Africa. [83] After further evidence of said abuses was produced by the commission, de Klerk stated that he found the revelations to be "as shocking and as abhorrent as anybody else" but insisted that he and other senior party members were not willing to accept responsibility for the "criminal actions of a handful of operatives", stating that their behaviour was "not authorised [and] not intended" by his government.